![]() Phenomenological, grounded theory and ethnographic analysis use structured methods established by qualitative researchers in the field. A table summarizing each approach can be found on pg. Different ways to visualize data are discussed on 187 & 188.Ĭreswell describes how the data spiral can be used within the five approaches to inquiry. (187) Once the data is interpreted, it must be represented in a table or figure. Only once themes are created can a researcher begin to interpret data. ![]() (184) Throughout coding, researchers are encouraged to look for themes, broad units of code that share a common idea. This process is described as “winnowing.” where not all data is used, but only that which is relevant, as beginners tend to create long lists of codes, when only “lean coding” is needed. He calls particular attention to the forming of codes or categories, which he calls the “heart of qualitative data analysis.” A researcher creates codes by aggregating text or visual data into small categories. The spiral begins with organizing the data, reading and memo-ing it, and then moves to classifying the data in to codes, interpreting it, and creating visual representations.Ĭreswell discusses the spiral in depth through pages 182 – 188. ![]() A visual representation of the spiral is on page 183. (180)Ĭrewswell likens the data analysis process (despite which strategy is used) to a spiral. While they all take a slightly different approach, they all contain the “core elements of qualitative data analysis,” namely, coding the data, creating themes and making comparisons in tables or charts. There are three prevailing analysis strategies that are outlined in a table on page 181. Creswell notes that data analysis is much more than looking at text and images, but “organizing the data, conducting a preliminary read-through of the database, coding and organizing themes, representing the data and forming an interpretation of them.” (179) He then goes on to explain each of these steps in depth. Chapter 8 discusses the various ways in which a qualitative researcher can analyze and represent data.
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